Values

Spoken Evidence

News Items

• Isis 

Started with Al qaeda.

ISIS control in Syria and Iraq:

Raqqa

Mosul

Aleppo

Sinjar

Irbil

Amerli

Tikrit

Baghdad

Damascu

• Hurricane Patricia (October, 2015)

"Patricia, the strongest hurricane ever recorded at sea, approached Mexico's Pacific coast with such ferocity that one official predicted it would become the most dangerous storm in history". 

Mexico apparently dodged a bullet. For now, there are no confirmed reports of storm-related fatalities or major damage.

Jalisco 

Michoacan

Colima

Nayarit

• Hurricane Katrina

Struck the gulf coast of the United States, it brought winds of 100-140 miles/hour

It's aftermath was catastrophic, leeve branches led to massive flooding.

The hurricane killed nearly 2000 people and affected 90000 square miles of the United States.

• Greek Crisis
• Value added tax of 23% in privite schools in order to cover the more than 148 pounds that needed to be paid in november 6, but this plan to fill the space didn´t worked as planed.

• Kidnap game

The gang then tied up the young child and almost strangled him with a bar, before they stoned him and stabbed him in the back.

“While they were playing, one of the 15-year-olds suggested to the others that they should kill Christopher. It wasn't planned. It was a condition of the game they played,” 

The gang then tied up the young child and almost strangled him with a bar, before they stoned him and stabbed him in the back

New and Old Journalism

In the 19th century, news organizations transform from:

• Polliticaly dependent to independent economics.

News papers printing ran faster increasing the number of copies.

Electric lights and the telephone brought changes in the way information was gathered and delivered.

Yellow Journalism

Presents little or no legitimate well researched information and instead useas eye catching headlines to sell more news papers 

The is also the Watch Dog press that says that journalism should be indepemndent observer ofsociety, particularlygoverment and point out it's ills.

• News websites

The world wide web, as a news medium since 1990. The elements that make the web an effective medium:
Capacity
flexibility
permanence
immediacy
interactivity

 In the web:
journal-like web sites, magazines, advertisments, social communication.

• Radio

The development of radio in the late 19th and early 20th century was considered one of the frat inventions of mankind:
>It revolutionized:

• Communication
• Personal, civic and economic lives

>Fist grat news event: Titanic in 1912.

>1920s broadcasting has been at the forefront of coverage of every major news event.

>In the early 20th century, radio showed what impact broadcasting could have on its audience and how it had the potential to change journalism.

Media Coverage

Media Coverage

News coverage
The way in which a particular piece of information is presented by media either as news, entertainment or as info

What includes the word media?
Broadcasting and Narrowcasting, such as newspapers, magazines, TV, radio, telephone, direct mail and internet.

Most popular media for news coverage
E-mail
Letters
Internet
Newspapers
Magazines
Social media

News coverage is important because it's the way in which we can keep updated on whats happening at real time, that's why TV is one of the most popular way, though is not the only one News have gone from paper to audio (radio) and nowadays the web.

Our top item would be the ISIS because we think that with out media we probably would've never heard of this happening in the other side of the world and is really cruel.

Spoken evidence 2 (6)

Spoken Evidence 2 (5)

Spoken evidence 2 (4)

Spoken Evidence 2 (3)

Spoken Evidence 2 (2)

Manual Women and Men

How to understand men:

First of all we don't have to generalize every men is different in some aspects but we think these manual refers to the what we think are the general thoughts of men.

It's very easy to understand a guy because they are more direct and they like to say things how they are, they don't like to go around the bush.

Number 1 : guys are always passionate about one thing we mean like they are crazy for one specific thing that could be a sport , a video game, a hobby or whatever.

Number 2: if a guy wants to do something then he really wants to do something or if he says he is fine it's because he is fine guys are very direct.

number 3: guys can do everything, all that you need but one thing at a time.

Number 4: guys are always easily distracted, but pay close attention to what they like.

number 5: guys are always comfortable speaking about soccer, sexy girls, and all of these guys things, with our friends.

number 6: guys only have one best friend, he knows all about his friend but he never will talk about

number 7: when guys are hungry please don't try to start a conversation

Socio/Psychologically speaking which other divisions have been made other than men or women.

Monosexual Sexual Orientations

Some people are exclusively attracted to members of only one gender. Sexual orientation labels used by monosexual people include:

• Gay: generally refers to a man who is attracted to men. Sometimes refers to all people who are attracted to people of the same sex; sometimes "homosexual" is used for this also, although this label is seen by many today as a medical term that should be retired from common use.
• Lesbian: a woman who is attracted to women. Sometimes also or alternately "same gender-loving woman" or "woman loving woman."
• Straight: a man who is exclusively attracted to women or a woman who is exclusively attracted to men; also sometimes generally used to refer to people whose sexualities are societally normative. Alternately referred to as “heterosexual.”

Polysexual Sexual Orientations

Some people are attracted to members of multiple genders. Sexual orientation labels used by polysexual people include:

• Bisexual: attracted to people of one's own gender and people of other gender(s). Often referred to as "bi."
• Pansexual: attracted to people regardless of gender. Sometimes also or alternately "omnisexual."
• Queer: similar to pansexual, queer can be an identity label meaning that a person is attracted to people of many genders; however, queer is a multi-faceted word with more than one definition and use, and is viewed as offensive by some people.

Asexual Sexual Orientation

Some people do not experience sexual attraction. Most people this applies to identify as asexual.

• Asexual: not sexually attracted to anyone and/or no desire to act on attraction to anyone. Does not necessarily mean sexless. Asexual people sometimes do experience affectional (romantic) attraction.

In addition to the above, some people don’t like and don’t use labels. Other people identify as; Questioning: a term used to describe someone who is unsure of or exploring their sexual orientation and/or gender identity.

Gender bias and where to find it

Gender bias is a preference or prejudice toward one gender over the other it can manifest in many ways.

It also exists in both directions. Although many historical examples and evidence suggest that bias has typically gone against women.

In other parts of the world, the complexity of gender issues and overall desire to create an equitable society has led legal systems with an interest in eliminating bias to institute laws prohibiting overt gender prejudice.

We think that gender bias is wrong in some aspects but we’re sure that there is a very clear difference between men and women, we think acceptable that there exist some differences also, we have the idea that men should be gentlemen with women like giving your seat to a them when they are standing.

it depends way too much in the way you're raised because in some countries they are raice to believe woman inferior and even if they tried to be gentlemen they would see it in a completely different way.

One example can be when you see a woman driving a taxi and you decide to wait for another, because you think that she don´t know how to drive and that she is going to crash the car, this usually happens because men think that they are the only ones that know how to drive.

“Women earn between 60 percent and 90 percent of men’s average income. At the same time, the percentage of women heads of households grew from 22 percent in 1990 to 31 percent in 2008, according to the United Nations.”[1]

According to a gallup Poll conducted in countries like Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, El Salvador and Mexico was found that half of the respondents believed society favours men over women. In Brazil, only 20 per cent, both men and women, believe that society treats both sexes equally, while more than the half considered that women and men do not have equal job opportunities.

In conclusion gender bias is when someone is discriminated based in what gender they are, sometimes it is difficult for some cultures to understand this new change but we can work it out, giving the first step, to allow little changes like in some cultures to allow women to study and go to college to do something more than just stay home.

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[1] Johanna Mendelson Forman. (01/23/2014). What Gender Inequality Looks Like In Latin America. 06/October/2015, de Huff Post Sitio web: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/23/gender-inequality-latin-america_n_4653710.html

Intercultural Competence

Intercultural Competence

The ability to decipher other cultures in fair and meaningful ways is predicated not only on an open and pluralistic spirit but also on self-cultural awareness. When a culture is critically aware of its own strengths and limitations, it can extend its horizons and enrich its intellectual and spiritual resources by learning from alternative visions in epistemology, ethics, aesthetics, and worldviews.

Canada

Customs and Etiquette in Canada

Meeting and Greeting

• The most common greeting is the handshake.
• It should be firm and accompanied by direct eye contact and a sincere smile.
• Wait until invited before using someone's first name although Canadians tend to move to a first-name basis rapidly.
• French Canadian friends may greet each other by lightly kissing on the cheeks (once on the left cheek and once on the right).
• If using French in Quebec always use the formal pronoun "vous" (you) when speaking to someone and do not switch to the informal "tu" unless invited to do so.

Gift Giving

• In general, Canadians give gifts for birthdays and Christmas.
• If invited to someone's home for dinner, take a box of good chocolates, flowers or a bottle of wine.
• In Quebec, sending flowers in advance of the dinner party is proper protocol.
• In Quebec, if you give wine, make sure it is of the highest quality you can afford.
• Do not give white lilies as they are used at funerals.
• Do not give cash or money as a present.
• Gifts are usually opened when received.

Dining Etiquette

• Table manners are relatively relaxed and informal in Canada.
• Quebec does see a little more formality.
• Table manners are generally Continental, i.e. the fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating.
• Wait to be shown to your seat.
• Do not begin eating until the hostess starts.
• Do not rest your elbows on the table.
• Feel free to refuse individual foods or drink without offering an explanation.
• Leaving a small amount at the end of the meal is generally acceptable.
• In formal situations, the host gives the first toast. An honoured guest should return the toast later in the meal. Women may give toasts.

Lebanese Customs and Etiquette

Greeting people

• Greetings in Lebanon are an interesting mix of both the French and Muslim/Arab cultures.
• A warm and welcoming smile accompanied by a handshake while saying “Marhaba” is a greeting that can be given without causing offense.
• You will see the greeting close friends with three kisses on the cheek, alternating cheeks in the French style.
• Take time when greeting a person and be sure to ask about their family, health, etc.
• If man is greeting Muslim women you may find that some wish not to shake hands; it is best to see if a hand is extended or not first.

Gift Giving Etiquette

• Gifts are part and parcel of the culture and are not only for birthdays and special occasions.
• Gifts may be given to someone who has provided a favour, to someone returning from a trip overseas, or simply out of want.
• The cost of the gift is not nearly as important as what it represents – friendship.
• If you are invited to a Lebanese home, it is customary to bring flowers. If invited for a meal, you may bring sweets or pastries.
• If visiting a Muslim family, it is a good idea to say that the gift is for the host rather than the hostess.
• Gifts of alcohol are welcome in many circles. Muslims though generally do not drink alcohol.
• A small gift such a sweet for the children is always a nice touch.
• Gifts may be given with the right hand or both hands. It is best not to offer a gift with the left hand.

Dining Etiquette

If you are invited to a Lebanese house for dinner:

• Dress well.
• Avoid sensitive topics of conversation such as politics, religion or the civil war unless you know the hosts are comfortable talking about it.
• Greet elders first.
• Lebanese table manners are relatively formal.
• Wait to be told where to sit.
• Table manners are Continental, i.e. the fork is held in the left hand and the knife in the right while eating.
• You will be expected to try all foods at the table.
• Expect to be urged to take second or even third helpings. It is best to eat less on your first helping so that a second helping is possible. This shows your host you are enjoying the food and are being taken care of.

Spoken Evidence 2 (1)

Hipster or no Hipster?

Did you ever wonder if you belong to an urban tribe? Well I think it is not a common thought, but if because of this now you have asked yourself, this information will really help you, like it helped me to see if I belonged to one; in this case to the hipsters urban tribe, this group of young people that have their own and independent way of thinking and dressing.

Hipsters show an independent way of thinking and try to stay away from what’s fashion. They usually wear classy glasses and in men it is common for them to have beard; they also hate consumerism and have great respect for the environment, love photography, museums, cinema and to travel; to express themselves they uses social networks such as twitter.

When I read this I started to wonder if I actually belonged to a tribe, since I never really thought about that fact nor that I belonged with the hipsters no less as I totally hate them, and so it was really some kind of trauma for me. But things kept adding up, I really hate what’s trend and consumerism, dress in my own way, don’t like to follow trends and love all that “save the environment thing”.

I keep researching and in my frustration I sent a message to a friend and she told me something that’s really true, a true hipster would never admits to be one because that would be following a trend, that is what nowadays hipsters do, and that’s why I hate them because they give a bad conception of what a true hipster is.

So if you are reading this and you in fact love photography, hate consumerism and everything that’s in trend don’t feel like you’re a nowadays hipster because it is more important the way you think than what the other people see in you because of stereotypes, even though I bet you’re still denying it right now.

Spoken Evidence 8

Urban Sociology

What is urban sociology?

Sociological study of life and human interaction in metropolitan areas. It is a normative discipline of sociology seeking to study the structures, processes, change and problems of an urban area and by doing so provide inputs for planning and policy making.

What is urban culture?

Numerous ethnographies have revealed how the mall affords opportunities for status and distinction through signaling one’s integration into ‘culture’ and thus serving as a primordial site for the construction of identity.

What are subcultures?

A subculture consists of the values, behaviors, and physical artifacts of a group that distinguishes itself from the larger culture. Think of it as a culture within a culture. Racial and ethnic groups, religions, age groups, even geographic areas often develop their own distinct subcultures.

What are urban tribes?

Small groups that have the same interest that are not necessarily the main culture ones.

Hipsters: Urban Tribe

It is represented by young people, that show independent thinking, and try to move away from the fashions of the moment, dressing and listening to non-commercial music.
Is usually represented by young people that show an independent way of thinking and try to stay away from all tendencies.
They reject the excessive consumerism, standing next to the local trade and respect for the environment.

Their clothing does not follow specific patterns, but is characterized by having a bohemian style, "old-school", they often reuse old accessories with vintage aesthetics. For example, we can find them wearing dark color shirts, jeans, shoes or boots, jerseys, hats and beards. They also like the classic glasses and handmade accessories.

They like indie music, indie-rock and jazz, but also sympathize with other styles and listen to little-known bands. In cinema, they prefer independent genre.

Leisure: Much of the hipsters are lovers of photography, vintage fashion, original cuisine and love to travel and visiting museums and share experiences through social networks.

Spoken Evidence 7

Scotland data

Religion in Scotland

The majority of the country practices Christianity that is one of the oldest religions. 

Other denominations include the Roman Catholic Church, Presbyterians, Pentecostals, Baptists and Episcopalians, along with Methodists, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints, Jehovah’s Witnesses and Congregationalists. It is believed that Judaism was introduced into Scotland during the High Middle Ages.

Over the years, as immigrants and travelers began to arrive on the shores of the country, different religions were established, such as Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism.

Languages in Scotland

More than a thousand years ago, the majority of the Scottish population spoke Gaelic. Today this language is mainly spoken only in the Highlands and Islands. The Gaelic language has become much endangered, although there are still a few elderly people who speak it and a few pop and rock stars even sing in Gaelic. Gaelic enjoys a high cultural status, together with Scottish whisky, bagpipes, clans and kilts, Gaelic is part of the romantic Scottish image.

After Gaelic became a little less popular, Scots was the main language of Scotland. Scots was spoken and written for about 400 years in Scotland. When Great Britain came to be established in 1707, Scotland's government moved to London, and Scots lost its political status to English.

Scots has descended to the status of being considered a dialect of English, a dialect being used only by ignorant peasants, fishermen, and laborers, not by gentleman.

Scotland Government

The Government is led by the First Minister. The Scottish Parliament nominates one of its Members to be appointed as First Minister by the Queen. He or she is assisted by various Cabinet Secretaries (Ministers) with individual portfolios and remits, who are appointed by him with the approval of Parliament.

The original Parliament of Scotland (or “Estates of Scotland”) was the national legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland, and existed from the early 13th century until the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. As a consequence, the Parliament of Scotland merged with the Parliament of England to form the Parliament of Great Britain, which sat at Westminster in London.

Scotland chart

Cultural shock

When you go to another country you’re anxious because you’re expecting things that you don’t known if they’ll be true or not and you don’t seem to care because all of the excitement but then you realize anything is what you expected, you didn’t thought it would be so difficult for you to adapt, at the end in order to have a pleasant stay you start to enjoy the new country.

When you arrive to another country you are open-minded, thinking that you’ll accept all the new things and when you start to see the difference between both cultures and everything that’s involved you start to feel confused and frustrated and you realize that you have to adapt to them and so start to listen and learn so you can feel comfortable in their country.  

Spoken Evidence 6

Prejudice is generally a bad opinion about someone based only in stereotypes or even baseless, just with what we think of that people and usually is not true.

We should learn not to make a judgment before we actually knew the people cause that usually leads to other this as discrimination or racism. 

Prejudice

Definitions

• Is an unjustified or incorrect attitude (usually negative) towards an individual based solely on the individual's membership of a social group.
• An adverse opinion or learning formed without just grounds of before sufficient knowledge.
• Irrational, preconceived opinion that leads to preferential treatment to some people and unfavorable bias or hostility against others, due to ignorance (or in direct contradiction) of facts. Prejudice literally means, prejudgment.
•  Prejudice is a baseless and usually negative attitude toward members of a group. Common features of prejudice include negative feelings, stereotyped beliefs, and a tendency to discriminate against members of a group. While specific definitions of prejudice given by social scientists often differ, most agree that it involves prejudgments (usually negative) about members of a group.

United Nations

Every human being has human rights, and these one established by law; it is called universal declaration of human rights, which represents the recognition of basic human beings. This applies for everybody no matter nationality, place of residence, gender, language, ethnic origin, etc.

It also exists “international human love rights” which gives obligations to state, it basically talks about the state protecting individuals humans rights.

Features of prejudice include negative feelings, stereotyped beliefs, and a tendency to discriminate against members of the group. Prejudice can be based in different factors like sex, race, age, sexual orientations, religion, socioeconomic status, etc. In many cases, prejudices are based upon stereotypes. A stereotype is a simplified assumption about a group based on prior assumptions. Stereotypes may be positive or negative.

According to psychologists the human being tends to categorize everything, so it is called aid of categories. Once formed, categories are the basis for normal prejudgment and we use to take familiar categories for the things we like or we see very common. We tend to minimize the differences between people within groups and exaggerate the differences between groups.

Summarized information

Prejudice is a product of our experiences. Is something that we develop from our experiences in life, and which you apply when you make rational judgments.

"The human mind must think with the aid of categories," Allport explained. "Once formed, categories are the basis for normal prejudgment. We cannot possibly avoid this process. Orderly living depends upon it."

It is a judgment occurring before it should. To ignore their inner goodness (or badness) and leap to conclusions, before we know what kind of person they are. Also, it’s a type of racism and is caused because of the lack of information.

There are many stereotypes we learn as children. We learn them as facts and behave as if they were truth.

Movie

Niñas mal (2007)

References:

• Cherry, Kendra. “Prejudice: What It Is, How It Forms, & How to Prevent It” Web. 1 Sept. 2015. <http://psychology.about.com/od/pindex/g/prejudice.htm>.

• Web. 1 Sept. 2015. <http://www.apa.org/monitor/oct04/prejudice.aspx>.

• "UnderstandingPrejudice.org." UnderstandingPrejudice.org. Web. 1 Sept. 2015. <http://www.understandingprejudice.org/>.

• "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Declaration, Human Rights Charter, The Un and Human Rights." UN News Center. UN. Web. 1 Sept. 2015. <http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/index.shtml#a1>.

• O'Neill, Ben. Mises Daily. 10 de March de 2011. MisesInstute. 31 de August de 2015.

• "The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights Declaration, Human Rights Charter, The Un and Human Rights." UN News Center. UN. Web. 1 Sept. 2015. <http://www.un.org/en/documents/udhr/hr_law.shtml>.